Modelo estadístico para estimar el impacto histórico de la influenza sobre la mortalidad en Cuba / Statistical model to estimate the historical impact of influenza on mortality in Cuba

Introducción: La influenza tiene elevado impacto en la mortalidad humana y en Cuba la categoría influenza y neumonía ocupa el cuarto lugar entre sus causales generales. En los países templados, con marcada estacionalidad, esto se capta con modelos estadísticos, tarea que se dificulta en el trópico y pendiente en Cuba por la ausencia de igual definición estacional. Objetivo: Estimar el impacto histórico de la influenza tipo A y B y los subtipos A(H3N2) y A(H1N1) sobre la mortalidad mediante el ajuste de un modelo de regresión a las condiciones estacionales específicas de Cuba. Métodos: Se ejecutó un estudio longitudinal y retrospectivo. En un primer paso se ajustaron dos modelos de Poisson con la mortalidad influenza y neumonía total y las personas ≥ 65 años de edad como variables respuestas en los cinco meses de mayor positividad en influenza, desde la temporada 1987-1988 hasta la 2004-2005 y los positivos en tipo A y en tipo B como explicatorias. En otro par de modelos se estimó el impacto del A(H3N2) y el A(H1N1), considerando como respuesta los fallecidos atribuidos previamente al tipo A. Resultados: Se atribuyeron a la influenza 7803 fallecidos entre todas las edades y 6152 entre las personas ≥ 65 años de edad, con un 56,3 por ciento asociados al A(H3N2), el 17,6 por ciento al A(H1N1) y el 26,1 por ciento al tipo B. Conclusiones. Se logró estimar el impacto de la influenza sobre la mortalidad mediante el ajuste para Cuba de un modelo estadístico que permitió demostrar la asociación de la circulación de estos virus con la mortalidad en el país, lo que ratifica la necesidad de reforzar la vigilancia, el control y la vacunación contra esta infección viral. Se demuestra la posibilidad de ajustar estos modelos de regresión a otros virus respiratorios y a la actual pandemia por la COVID-19, en las condiciones estacionales de Cuba(AU)

Introduction: Influenza has a high impact on human mortality and in Cuba influenza and pneumonia rank fourth among its general causes. In temperate climate countries, with marked seasonality, this is captured by statistical models, a task that is difficult in the tropics and pending in Cuba due to the absence of the same seasonal definition. Objective: Estimate the historical impact of influenza type A and B and subtypes A(H3N2) and A(H1N1) on mortality, by adjusting a regression model to the specific seasonal conditions of Cuba. Methods: A longitudinal and retrospective study was performed. In a first step, two Poisson models were adjusted with influenza and total pneumonia mortality and people ≥ 65 years old as response variables in the five months with the highest positivity to influenza in the period 1987-1988 to 2004-2005, and the positive ones to type A and type B as explanatory variables. In another pair of models was estimated the impact of A(H3N2) and A(H1N1), considering as a response the deaths previously attributed to type A. Results: 7 803 deaths among all ages and 6 152 among 65-year-olds were attributed to influenza, with 56.3 percent associated to A(H3N2), 17.6 percent to A(H1N1) and 26.1 percent to type B. Conclusions: It was possible to estimate the impact of influenza on mortality by adjusting for Cuba a statistical model that demonstrated the association of the circulation of these viruses with the mortality in the country, which confirms the need to strengthen surveillance, control and vaccination against this viral infection. The possibility of adjusting in the seasonal conditions of Cuba these regression models to other respiratory viruses and the current pandemic by COVID-19 is demonstrated(AU)

Clinical-epidemiological profile of deaths from influenza with a history of timely vaccination, Mexico 2010-2018

Introduction: Influenza epidemics are of higher risk at the extremes of life and in people with comorbidities. Effective vaccination prevents the occurrence of serious cases and decreases mortality. Objective: To describe deaths from influenza with a history of timely vaccination, from the 2010 to the 2018 season in Mexico. Method: Cross-sectional, descriptive study where the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance System database was used. Results: From 2010 to 2018, 65 vaccinated individuals died from influenza, from which 55% of cases (n = 36) were due to type A (H1N1), 51% (n = 33) were females, median age was 57 years, 21 % (n = 14) did not meet the operational definition of influenza-like illness or severe acute respiratory infection, 83% (n = 54) had at least one comorbidity, with the most common being diabetes mellitus and hypertension (32% each); 55% (n = 36) of deaths received antiviral treatment and only 8% (n = 5) had no comorbidities and received treatment with oseltamivir. Conclusions: Deaths from influenza with timely vaccination represent a very low percentage of the totality. Vaccination against influenza has been a specific prevention strategy that decreases disease burden.

H1N1: perfil clínico-epidemiológico de pacientes atendidos em um hospital / H1N1: clinical and epidemiological profile of patients treated in a hospital

Objetivo: Avaliar casos de suspeita de gripe H1N1, bem como comparar aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos dos pacientes com gripe H1N1 confirmada em relação àqueles não confirmados; analisar os critérios de gravidade clínica com relação à confirmação (ou não) da gripe H1N1 e seu desfecho (mortalidade); e criar um banco de dados para fins de comparação com a literatura nacional e mundial. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de coorte transversal realizado no período sazonal (outono e inverno) no ano de 2016. Foram analisados os prontuários, acessíveis e completos, de pacientes com suspeita clínica de H1N1, além daqueles com resultados definidos na sorologia. A partir dos dados coletados, foi elaborada tabela de análise epidemiológica, com informações clínicas, laboratoriais e sorológicas. Resultados: Destacam-se a média das faixas etárias mais acometidas de 48 anos, além dos sintomas mais comuns que foram dispneia, tosse e mialgia; as comorbidades foram hipertensão arterial sistêmica, cardiopatias, diabetes e doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. Conclusão: Este trabalho contribuiu com a caracterização do perfil epidemiológico regional e auxiliou na definição de indicadores de diagnóstico e gravidade, além de agregar à literatura conteúdos de caráter relevante. Este estudo está registrado como CAAE 58664016.2.0000.5515 na Plataforma Brasil. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate cases of suspected H1N1 flu, as well as to compare epidemiological and clinical aspects of patients with confirmed H1N1 influenza to those who were not confirmed; to analyze the criteria of clinical severity regarding the confirmation (or not) of H1N1 influenza, and its outcome (mortality); and to create a database to be compared with the national and world literature. Methods: This is a cross-sectional retrospective cohort study, carried out in the seasonal period ( fall/winter) of 2016. Accessible and complete medical records of patients with clinical suspicion of H1N1 were analyzed along with those with defined serology results. Based on the collected data, a table of epidemiological analysis was elaborated with clinical, laboratory and serological information. Results: The mean age of the most affected age groups was 48 years; the most common symptoms were dyspnea, cough and myalgia; and the comorbidities were systemic arterial hypertension, cardiopathies, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Conclusion: This work contributed to the characterization of the regional epidemiological profile, and helped in the definition of indicators of diagnosis and severity, besides adding relevant content to the literature. This study is registered as CAAE 58664016.2.0000.5515 at Plataforma Brasil. (AU)

Adultos con influenza, evolución clínica, costos y grupos relacionados por el diagnóstico, resultados de 4 años. Clínica Dávila. Santiago de Chile / Adults patients with influenza, clinical evolution, cost and diagnosis related groups, four years results. Clinica Dávila, Santiago, Chile

Resumen Introducción: En 2009 la Influenza A H1N1pdm09 provocó en Chile 12.258 casos y 155 muertes. Objetivo: Analizar en adultos egresados de Clínica Dávila con influenza, en 2009, 2010, 2012 y 2014, soporte ventilatorio, costo de hospitalización, Grupos Relacionados por el Diagnóstico (GRD) y letalidad. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo usando la ficha médica electrónica. Resultados: Egresaron 115.673 adultos, 338 (0,29%) con diagnóstico de Influenza, edad 56,5 ± 22 años, 59% mujeres, letalidad 4%. Hubo 3 grupos, Grupo 1: sin ningún soporte ventilatorio, 295 pacientes, edad 63 ± 20, estadía 6,6 ± 6,9 días, costo promedio de hospitalización $2.885.261, mediana peso GRD 0,41 (p25 = 0,38 y p75 = 0,62), letalidad 1,01% (3 pacientes). Grupo 2: Ventilación mecánica no invasiva (VMNI), 23 casos, edad 77,1 ± 13, letalidad 22% (5 casos), estadía 16,8 ± 12,4, costo $9.245.242, GRD 0,79 (p25 = 0,62 y p75=1,03). Grupo 3: Intubación y ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI), 20 pacientes, edad 56,4 ± 15, estadía 36,9 ± 41,4, costo $38.681.099, GRD 5,86 (p25 = 5,82 y p75 = 5,86) y letalidad 30% (6 pacientes). Los GRD grupo VMI versus grupo VMNI y ningún soporte fueron diferentes (p < 0,0001 y p < 0,0001 respectivamente). La letalidad por influenza el 2014 fue de 8,5%, mientras que en los años 2012, 2010 y 2009 fue 1,5%, 3% y 2,5% respectivamente. La mediana de edad el año 2009 fue 37,5 años, menor que la de los otros años (p < 0,0001). Conclusiones: En 2009 los pacientes fueron más jóvenes, la necesidad de soporte ventilatorio provocó un peso GRD, estadía, costo y letalidad mayores que aquellos que no lo requirieron.

Introduction: In 2009 Influenza A H1N1pdm09 caused in Chile 12,258 cases and 155 deaths. Objective: To analyze ventilatory support, cost of hospitalization, Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG) and lethality in adults patients with influenza discharged from our institution, during 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2014. Patients and Method: Retrospective descriptive study using electronic medical records. Results: 115,673 adults were discharged, 338 (0.29%) with diagnosis of Influenza, age 56.5 ± 22 yr.o., 59% women, lethality 4%. There were 3 groups, Group 1: without any ventilatory support, 295 patients, age 63 ± 20, stay 6.6 ± 6.9 days, average cost of hospitalization 2,885,261 clp, medium weight DRG 0.41 (p25 = 0.38) andp75 = 0.62), lethality 1.01% (3 patients). Group 2: Non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV), 23 cases, age 77.1 ± 13, lethality 22% (5 cases), stay 16.8 ± 12.4, cost 9,245,242 clp, DRG 0.79 (p25 = 0.62 and p75 = 1.03). Group 3: Intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), 20 patients, age 56.4 ± 15, stay 36.9 ± 41.4, cost 38.681.099 clp, DRG 5.86 (p25 = 5.82 and p75 = 5,86) and lethality 30% (6 patients). The DRG group VMI versus group VMNI and no support were different (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001 respectively). The lethality for influenza in 2014 was 8.5%, while in 2012, 2010 and 2009 it was 1.5%, 3% and 2.5% respectively. The median age in 2009 was 37.5 yr.o significantly minor, than the other years (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: In 2009 the patients were younger, the need for ventilatory support led to a higher DRG weight, stay, cost and lethality than those who did not require it.

A cien años de la gripe "española / One hundred years after the "Spanish" flu

La pandemia de gripe "española", de la que se cumplen 100 años, es considerada la más devastadora de la historia. Se estima que afectó a un tercio de la población mundial, y más del 2.5% de los enfermos murieron. Esta pandemia se presentó en dos oleadas principales, en 1918 y 1919, y la morbimortalidad por edades tuvo una curva en W. En general, la muerte no ocurría como consecuencia directa de la gripe, sino por bronconeumonías bacterianas, para las que se carecía de tratamiento. Hubo, además, una mayor mortalidad en enfermos con tuberculosis preexistente con respecto al resto de los afectados de influenza. En Argentina la epidemia también se presentó en dos oleadas principales, con amplias variaciones en la mortalidad por regiones. El tratamiento disponible incluía dieta, antisepsia de garganta, valerianato de quinina, salicilato, codeína para la tos y aceite alcanforado. También se aplicaban primitivas vacunas y sueros anti-neumococos. Con la disponibilidad de la secuencia de ARN completa del genoma del virus de la influenza 1918 ha sido posible ensamblar, mediante genética inversa, partículas virales semejantes a las de la pandemia mortal. El virus reconstituido demostró ser extraordinariamente virulento para ratones. En la actualidad, la vacunación contra la gripe estacional reduce el riesgo de otra pandemia, pero por el momento no puede eliminarlo. El desarrollo de vacunas "universales" contra la gripe, que confieran inmunidad confiable y duradera, podrá evitar en el futuro su propagación mundial.

The "Spanish" flu pandemic, which occurred a century ago, is considered the most devastating in human history. An estimated one third of world population fell ill with flu and more than 2.5% of them died. The course of the epidemic had two main waves (1918 and 1919) and showed an unusual W-shaped morbidity/mortality distribution. Death was not a direct outcome of flu itself but rather a consequence of secondary bacterial bronchopneumonia, for which antibiotics had not yet been discovered. Pre-existing pulmonary tuberculosis was also accountable for increased flu death rates during the pandemic. As it happened in Europe, in Argentina the epidemic had two main waves, with ample variation in mortality by region. Available treatment at the time included diet, throat antiseptic rinses, low doses of quinine valerianate, salicylates, codeine as a cough suppressant, and camphor oil. Primitive anti-pneumococcal vaccines and immune sera were also applied. Upon the disclosure of the whole RNA sequence of the 1918 influenza virus genome, by means of reverse genetics it was possible to assemble viral particles resembling those of the deadly pandemic. The reconstituted virus proved to be extraordinarily virulent for mice. Current seasonal flu vaccines help to reduce, but not to abolish, the risk of another pandemic. The ongoing development of "universal" vaccines against influenza conferring reliable and long-lasting immunity may prevent its global spread in the future.

Características de los casos graves de influenza en la provincia de Santa Fe durante el año 2016 / Characteristics of severe influenza cases in Santa Fe province during the year 2016

Introducción: La infección por influenza puede conllevar a graves compli-caciones, y poner en riesgo la vida. El objetivo de este trabajo fue des-cribir las características de los casos graves confirmados de influenza en la Provincia de Santa Fe durante el año 2016. Materiales y métodos: Descripción epidemiológica a partir de los datos de las fichas individuales ETI (enfermedades tipo influenza) de los casos de síndrome gripal atendidos en los servicios de salud de la provincia. Resultados: De un total de 211 casos graves confirmados, 63 fallecie-ron. El subtipo viral detectado con mayor frecuencia fue influenza A H1N1 (87,67 %). La mayor letalidad se produjo entre los mayores de 65 años (57,58 %). La chance de morir fue 2,7 veces mayor en los ca-sos en los que la administración del antiviral se demoró más de 48 horas de iniciados los síntomas (IC: 1,01-7,40; P < 0,05). Los facto-res de riesgo con mayor prevalencia fueron: EPOC (28,48 %), edad me-nor de 5 años y pacientes obesidad (23,84 %). La chance de morir fue 2,4 mayor en aquellos que presentaban al menos un factor de riesgo(OR: 2,397; 1,119-5,132; p < 0,05). De 22 vacunados, 4 fallecieron (18,18 %), todos con algún factor de riesgo asociado, mientras que de 148 no-vacunados, 50 fallecieron (33,78 %), 40 con al menos algún factor de riesgo asociado. Conclusión: La información epidemiológica recaba-da es importante para organizar y priorizar los re-cursos de salud de manera eficiente, principalmen-te en aquellos grupos en los que la gravedad de la enfermedad puede llevar a la muerte

ntroduction: Influenza infection can lead to serious complications and put life at risk. The objective of this work was to describe the characteristics of the severe cases of influenza in Santa Fe province during the year 2016. Materials and methods: An epidemiological description of severe cases of influenza was conducted based on data from the individual ETI (influenza-like-Diseases) files of the cases of influenza syndrome treated in the health services of the province. Results: Of a total of 211 confirmed severe cases, 63 died. The most frequently detected viral subtype was influenza AH1N1 (87.67%). The highest lethality occurred among those patients over 65 years old (57.58%). The chance of dying was 2.7 times higher in cases in which the administration of the antiviral was delayed for more than 48 hours after initiation of symptoms (CI: 1.01-7.40, P <0.05). The most prevalent risk factors were COPD (28.48%), age under 5 years and patients with obesity (23.84%). The chance of dying was 2.4 higher in those who had at least one risk factor (OR: 2.377, 1.119-5.132, p <0.05). Of 22 vaccinated patients, 4 died (18.18%), all had some associated risk factor. Of 148 non-vaccinated patients, 50 died (33.78%), 40 with at least one associated risk factor. Conclusion: The epidemiological information collected is important to organize and prioritize health resources efficiently, especially in those groups where the severity of the disease can lead to death

Cardiac complications associated with the influenza viruses A subtype H7N9 or pandemic H1N1 in critically ill patients under intensive care

Abstract Background and objective: The clinical presentations and disease courses of patients hospitalized with either influenza A virus subtype H7N9 (H7N9) or 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus were compared in a recent report, but associated cardiac complications remain unclear. The present retrospective study investigated whether cardiac complications in critically ill patients with H7N9 infections differed from those infected with the pandemic H1N1 influenza virus strain. Methods: Suspect cases were confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays with specific confirmation of the pandemic H1N1 strain at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Comparisons were conducted at the individual-level data of critically ill patients hospitalized with H7N9 (n = 24) or pandemic H1N1 influenza virus (n = 22) infections in Suzhou, China. Changes in cardiac biochemical markers, echocardiography, and electrocardiography during hospitalization in the intensive care unit were considered signs of cardiac complications. Results: The following findings were more common among the H7N9 group relative to the pandemic H1N1 influenza virus group: greater tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient, sinus tachycardia (heartbeat ≥ 130 bpm), ST segment depression, right ventricular dysfunction, and elevated cardiac biochemical markers. Pericardial effusion was more often found among pandemic H1N1 influenza virus patients than in the H7N9 group. In both groups, most of the cardiac complications were detected from day 6 to 14 after the onset of influenza symptoms. Those who developed cardiac complications were especially vulnerable during the first four days after initiation of mechanical ventilation. Cardiac complications were reversible in the vast majority of discharged H7N9 patients. Conclusions: Critically ill hospitalized H7N9 patients experienced a higher rate of cardiac complications than did patients with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infections, with the exception of pericardial effusion. This study may help in the prevention, identification, and treatment of influenza-induced cardiac complications in both pandemic H1N1 influenza virus and H7N9 infections.

Public health research agenda for influenza

WHO has recently launched an initiative to learn how its research agenda on influenza have been utilized and also to know how useful it has been in directing further research priorities for influenza. Concurrently, the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office has identified a number of policy and research gaps relevant to the countries of Eastern Mediterranean Region [EMR]

Avian Influenza in Egypt: sporadic cases reported in 2016

Human cases of avian influenza A [H5N1] continue to be reported sporadically in Egypt. A total of ten [10] cases were reported during the period from 1 January 2016 to 30 September 2016, including four deaths [case-fatality rate: 40%]. The last case was reported in Egypt on 28 July 2016

Relacionamento entre bases de dados para vigilância da pandemia de influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, Brasil, 2009-2010 / Database linkage for surveillance of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic in Brazil, 2009-2010 / Relación entre bases de datos para la vigilancia de la pandemia de gripe A(H1N1)pdm09, Brasil, 2009-2010

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi o de descrever, com base no relacionamento entre os sistemas de informação SINAN (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação) e SIM (Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade), o perfil epidemiológico dos casos notificados de influenza por novo subtipo viral que evoluíram para óbito, durante a pandemia da doença. Foram utilizados dados secundários de ambos os sistemas referentes aos anos de 2009 e 2010. O relacionamento identificou 5.973 óbitos de casos notificados como influenza pandêmica. Destes, 2.170 (36,33%) haviam sido classificados no SINAN como confirmados para a enfermidade; 215 (3,6%), como infecção por outro agente infeccioso; e 3.340 (55,92%), como descartados. Após o relacionamento, alguns casos, que, no SINAN, foram encerrados com evolução para óbito por influenza (n = 658) ou óbito por outras causas (n = 847), não foram encontrados no SIM. O relacionamento entre os bancos de dados pode aprimorar o sistema de vigilância e o dimensionamento da morbimortalidade. Recomendamos o fortalecimento da vigilância da influenza no país com o uso do relacionamento entre os sistemas de informação do Ministério da Saúde.

Abstract: Based on database linkage, the objective of this study was to describe the epidemiological profile of notified cases and deaths from the new viral subtype of influenza during the influenza pandemic. Secondary data were used from the SINAN (Information System for Notifiable Diseases) and SIM (Mortality Information System) for the years 2009 and 2010. Linkage identified 5,973 deaths of cases notified as pandemic influenza. Of these, 2,170 (36.33%) had been classified in the SINAN as confirmed pandemic influenza, 215 (3.6%) as due to other infectious agents, and 3,340 (55.92%) as ruled out. After linkage, some cases in the SINAN database that were closed as death from influenza (n = 658) or death from other causes (n = 847) could not be located in the SIM database. Database linkage can improve the surveillance system and monitoring of morbidity and mortality. We recommend strengthening influenza surveillance in Brazil using linkage of Ministry of Health databases.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue el de describir, a partir de la relación entre los sistemas de información, el perfil epidemiológico de los casos notificados y que evolucionaron hacia el óbito por gripe, debido a un nuevo subtipo viral durante la pandemia de gripe. Se utilizaron datos secundarios, años 2009 y 2010, del Sistema de Información sobre Enfermedades de Notificación Obligatoria (SINAN) y Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad (SIM). La relación identificó 5.973 óbitos de casos notificados como gripe pandémica. De esos, 2.170 (36,33%) habían sido clasificados en el SINAN y confirmados como gripe pandémica, 215 (3,6%) como infección por otro agente infeccioso y 3.340 (55,92%) como descartados. Tras la relación, algunos casos en el SINAN que fueron cerrados con la evolución, donde el óbito por gripe (n = 658) u óbito por otras causas (n = 847) no se encontraron en el banco del SIM. La relación entre los bancos de datos puede perfeccionar el sistema de vigilancia y el dimensionamiento de la morbimortalidad. Recomendamos el fortalecimiento de la vigilancia de la gripe en el país con el uso de la relación entre los sistemas de información del Ministerio de la Salud.

Secondary Infections in Swine Flu.

Swine influenza is respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza virus that causes regular outbreak in pigs. Human to human transmission occurs. Some people develop severe respiratory symptoms and need ventilator. Patients can get secondary bacterial infections in form of pneumonia if viral infections persist. Death of swine flu occurs due to secondary bacterial infections leading to bacterial pneumonias. Method : 369 patients having acute respiratory illness suspected to be suffering from swine flu were included. Real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed on sputum samples or tracheal aspirates of 134 patients admitted in Hospital due to pneumonia. 90 of these patients were positive for swine flu by RT-PCR. Result : Among 90 patients 55 patients’ shows bacterial growth and 35 patients did not show any growth. Maximum patients 17 shows Klebseilla pneumoniae,17 show Staphylococcus aureus ,10 show Escherichia coli,8 show Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 3 patients show Streptococccus pneumoniae. Even after treatment, death of 36 patients occurred. Among these 36 patients, 19 had both, bacterial as well as swine flu infection and 17 patients had only swine flu infection. Conclusion : Secondary bacterial infections in swine flu patients were multiresistant to antibiotics were noted. Pneumonia caused by co-infection contributes to a severe rapidly progressive illness.

Intervenciones de enfermería para la atención en adultos de 65 años y más con infecciones de vías respiratorias en el primero y segundo nivel de atención / Nursing interventions for care in adults 65 years and older with respiratory tract infection in the first and second level of care

OBJETIVO: Establecer intervenciones de enfermería efectivas para la atención de los adultos de 65 años y más con infecciones de vías respiratorias, para disminuir la incidencia de morbilidad y mortalidad y mejorar la calidad para contribuir a garantizar la seguridad de la atención y el autocuidado.MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Elaboración de las preguntas a responder y conversión a preguntas clínicas estructuradas, búsqueda y revisión sistemática de la literatura: recuperación de guías internacionales o meta análisis, o ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, o estudios observacionales publicados que den respuesta a las preguntas planteadas, de los cuales se seleccionarán las fuentes con mayor puntaje obtenido en la evaluación de su contenido y las de mayor nivel en cuanto a gradación de evidencias y recomendaciones.Protocolo sistematizado de búsqueda: Algoritmo de búsqueda reproducible en bases de datos electrónicas, en centros elaboradores o compiladores de guías, de revisiones sistemáticas, meta análisis, en sitios Web especializados y búsqueda manual de la literatura.RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN: Un total de fuentes documentadas y utilizadas: 81 (Pud Med, BVS, TRIPDATA BASE, Otros sitios Web). guías seleccionadas: 4, revisiones sistemáticas: 26, ensayos clínicos aleatorizados: 14, meta análisis: 17, estudios de cohorte: 6, casos y controles: 5 y otros documentos: 9.CONCLUSIONES: La vacunación contra la influenza a los grupos más vulnerables y el constante lavado de manos, son algunas de las intervenciones que contribuyen a la prevención y control de las enfermedades respiratorias en los adultos mayores.

OBJECTIVE: Establish effective nursing interventions for the care of adults 65 years and older with respiratory tract infections, to reduce the incidence of mordidito and mortality and improve quality to help ensure the safety of care and self-care.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Development of questions to answer and conversion to questions structured clinical, research and systematic review of the literature: recovery of international or meta guides analysis or randomized clinical trials, or published observational studies that respond to the questions, of which will select the sources with the highest score obtained in the evaluation of its content and the higher level as to grading evidence and recommendations.Search systemized protocol: search algorithm reproducible electronic databases, in institutions or compilers processors guides, systematic reviews, meta analysis, specialized Web sites and manual literature search.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:A total of documented and used sources: 81 (Pud Med, BVS, TRIPDATA BASE, Other Web sites). Selected guides: 4, systematic reviews: 26 randomized clinical trials: 14, meta analysis: 17 cohort studies: 6 cases and controls 5 and other documents: 9.CONCLUSIONS: Influenza vaccination the most vulnerable groups and constant hand washing, are some of the interventions that contribute to the prevention and control of respiratory diseases in older adults.

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer intervenções eficazes de enfermagem para o cuidado dos adultos com 65 anos e mais velhos com infecções do trato respiratório, para reduzir a incidência de morbidade e mortalidade e melhorar a qualidade para ajudar a garantir a segurança dos cuidados e auto-cuidado.MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS:Desenvolvimento de perguntas para responder e conversão às perguntas estruturadas clínica, pesquisa e revisão sistemática da literatura: a recuperação da análise de guias internacionais ou meta ou ensaios clínicos randomizados, ou publicados estudos observacionais que respondam às perguntas, das quais irá selecionar as fontes com o maior resultado obtido na avaliação do seu conteúdo e do nível superior como a classificação de evidências e recomendações.Pesquisar protocolo sistematizado: algoritmo de busca bases de dados electrónicas reprodutíveis, em instituições ou compiladores processadores guias, revisões sistemáticas, meta-análise, sites especializados e busca manual de literatura.RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO:Um total de fontes documentados e usados: 81 (Pud Med, BVS, TRIPDATA BASE, outros sites). guias selecionadas: 4, revisões sistemáticas: 26 ensaios clínicos randomizados: 14, meta-análise: estudos de coorte 17: 6 casos e controles 5 e outros documentos: 9.CONCLUSÕES: Vacinação contra a Gripe dos grupos mais vulneráveis e a lavagem das mãos constante, são algumas das intervenções que contribuam para a prevenção e controlo de doenças respiratórias em adultos mais velhos.

Fatores de risco para óbito por influenza (AH1N1) pdm09, Estado de São Paulo, 2009 / Risk factors for death from influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, State of São Paulo, 2009

Introdução- Em abril de 2009, novo subtipo viral foi identificado, Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. Em 11 de junho de 2009, a Organização Mundial da Saude anunciou o início de uma pandemia de influenza. Objetivo- Investigar os fatores de risco para óbito por Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 em pacientes e em gestantes hospitalizados com Doença Respiratória Aguda Grave-DRAG. Nas gestantes, foram analisados também os desfechos gestacionais e neonatais. Metodologia- Foram realizados dois estudos caso-controles, em pacientes e em gestantes hospitalizados com Influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 confirmada laboratorialmente e DRAG. Os casos evoluíram para óbito e os controles para cura. Os casos e controles foram selecionados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação-SINAN Influenza- web, sendo sorteados dois controles no estudo dos pacientes, e quatro no das gestantes, pareados por semana epidemiológica da data de internação do caso. O primeiro estudo foi realizado nas regiões Metropolitanas de São Paulo e de Campinas, de 28 de junho a 29 de agosto de 2009. Nas gestantes, o estudo incluiu o Estado de São Paulo, de 09 de junho a 01 de dezembro de 2009. Foram realizadas avaliações dos prontuários hospitalares e entrevistas domiciliares, a partir de formulários padronizados. Foram empregados testes de Mann-Whitney-U ou quiquadrado para comparação das variáveis, e cálculos dos odds ratio brutos-ORb e seus intervalos de confiança-IC95 por cento , para avaliação dos fatores de risco.

Introduction - In April 2009, a new viral subtype was identified, influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. On June 11, the World Health Organization announced the beginning of the influenza pandemic. Objective - To investigate the risk factors for death from influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in hospitalized patients and pregnant women with Severe Acute Respiratory Infections-SARI. In the pregnant women, the gestational and neonatal outcomes were analyzed. Methodology - Two case control studies were performed in hospitalized patients and pregnant women with laboratory confirmed influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 and SARI. The cases died and the controls recovered. The cases and controls were selected from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases-SINAN-Influenza-web. Two controls were randomly selected in the study of patients and four in the pregnant women, matched by epidemiological week of the date of admission of the case. The first study was conducted in the metropolitan regions of São Paulo and Campinas, from June 28th to August 29th, 2009. The study on pregnant women included the State of São Paulo, from June 09th to December 1th, 2009. Evaluations of the medical records and home interviews were conducted using standardized forms. The Mann-Whitney U test or the chi-square tests were performed to compare the variables, in addition to calculations of crude odds ratio- ORc and their 95 per cent confidence intervals for the assessment of the risk factors.

Monitoreo de la actividad de influenza en Santa Fe, Argentina, 2005-2010 / Monitoring of activity of influenza in Santa Fe, Argentina, 2005-2010

Background. Influenza viruses have a relevant public health impact. Objective. To describe the activity of influenza and assess the morbidity and mortality impact during 2005 to 2010 in Santa Fe, Argentina. Methods. Epidemiological and virological indicators were calculated based on sentinel surveillance. Mortality data from patients over and under the age of 65 were analyzed using the integrated autoregressive moving average model and an excess of mortality attributable to influenza was determined. Results. The viral circulation effect on morbidity was measured through the evolution in the proportion of influenza-like illness (ILI) patients. Peak incidence was observed between weeks 23 and 33. An excess of deaths was identified in 2007 among patients over 65 and among those under 65 in 2009, which was related with influenza A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pandemic virus circulation respectively, associated with a higher proportion of virus recovery and a higher ILI percentage. Conclusions. The sentinel surveillance of influenza is a simple and efficient methodology that identifies influenza trends. Our study showed that the virus has caused a rise of mortality in patients > 65 in epidemic periods associated with the H3N2 subtype and in patients < 65 in the pandemic period with the circulation of A(H1N1) pandemic virus.

Introducción: Los virus influenza son agentes patógenos de gran importancia para la salud pública. Objetivos: Describir la actividad de influenza y evaluar su impacto en la morbilidad y mortalidad durante el período 2005 - 2010 en Santa Fe, Argentina. Métodos: A partir de la vigilancia centinela se han calculado indicadores epidemiológicos y virológicos. Se analizaron datos de mortalidad en mayores y menores de 65 años, utilizando el método auto-regresivo integrado de promedios móviles y se determinó el exceso de mortalidad atribuible a influenza. Resultados: El efecto de la circulación viral sobre la morbilidad se midió a través de la proporción de pacientes con ETI. El pico de incidencia se observó entre la semana 23 y 33. Se identificó exceso de muertes en 2007 en mayores de 65 años y en 2009 en menores de 65 asociado a la circulación de influenza A(H3N2) e influenza A(H1N1)pdm 2009, respectivamente, acompañado de mayor proporción de recuperación del virus y porcentaje de ETI. Conclusión: La vigilancia centinela es sencilla, oportuna e identifica la tendencia de la ocurrencia de influenza en el tiempo. Las estimaciones demuestran que el virus ha ejercido un aumento de la mortalidad en > 65 años en períodos epidémicos asociado al subtipo H3N2 y en < 65 años en período pandémico con la circulación del nuevo virus.

Mortalidad por Influenza pA(H1N1) 2009 en el noreste de México / Mortality from pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in northeast of Mexico

Objetivo. Determinar los factores asociados a la mortalidad por influenzapA(H1N1) en los pacientes hospitalizados por infección respiratoria agudagrave (IRAG) confirmada por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR)en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS).Material y métodos. En el IMSS en la delegación de Nuevo León entre el1 de junio de 2009 y 9 de marzo de 2010 se realizó un estudio observacionalretrospectivo de casos y controles, utilizando la base de datos del Sistemade Información en Línea para la Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Influenza(SINOLAVE). Se incluyeron 278 pacientes hospitalizados con IRAG (controles)y 50 pacientes con IRAG que fallecieron (casos) debido a la infecciónpor virus influenza pA(H1N1).Resultados. Los factores asociados a la mortalidad en los pacientes hospitalizadospor IRAG debida a influenza pA(H1N1) fueron la edad (OR: 1,03IC95% 1,01-1,05) y la obesidad (OR: 4,44 IC95% 1,85-1,6), utilizando unmodelo de regresión logística.Conclusión. Podemos concluir que en la delegación de Nuevo León delIMSS, la influenza pA(H1N1) afectó principalmente a adultos jóvenes, sinembargo las muertes se presentaron en mayor número en los pacientes alincrementar la edad y en pacientes con alguna comorbilidad.Palabras clave: Influenza pandémica A(H1N1), mortalidad, infección respiratoriaaguda grave, factores de riesgo, razón de probabilidad.

Objective. To determine factors associated with mortality from pAinfluenzA(H1N1) – confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) – Inhospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in theMexican Social Security Institute (IMSS). Methods. In the IMSS in the Delegation of Nuevo Leon between June 1, 2009 and March9, 2010 a retrospective observational case-control study was conducted using the database ofOnline Information System for Epidemiological Surveillance of Influenza (SINOLAVE). 278inpatients with SARI (controls) and 50 SARI patients who died (cases) due to infection withinfluenza virus pA(H1N1) were included.Results. In the logistic regression model factors associated with mortality in patientshospitalized due to SARI pA influenzA(H1N1) were age (OR: 1.03 95% CI 1.01-1.05) andobesity (OR: 4.44 95 1.85 to 1%, 0.6).Conclusion. We can conclude that the delegation of Nuevo León of the IMSS, pAinfluenzA(H1N1) affects mainly young adults, though the deaths occurred in greater numbersin patients with increasing age and in patients with comorbidities.

Investigation of an outbreak of acute respiratory disease in Côte d'Ivoire in april 2007

Background: This study aim was to investigate an outbreak of human cases of unexplained influenza-like illness and fatal acute respiratory infection (ARI); with simultaneous poultry illness and high mortality raising concerns of possible influenza A (H5N1); virus in Cote d'Ivoire in February and March 2007. Materials and Methods: To investigate the outbreak; we conducted active surveillance in the community and reviewed health registries. Persons meeting the case definition were asked to provide nasopharyngeal specimens. On the basis of clinical and epidemiological information; specimens were tested using conventional RT-PCR for the M gene of the influenza viruses and hemagglutinin H5 of avian influenza A (H5N1); virus; negative samples were tested for other respiratory viruses. Specimens from healthy animals were also collected. Results: Between October 2006; and February 2007; 104 suspected cases of Acute Respiratory Disease that included; 31 deaths recorded. We collected and tested 73 nasopharyngeal specimens; of which; 2; were positive for human Coronavirus OC43 and 1 for influenza C virus. No pathogens were identified in animal specimens. Conclusions: The investigation quickly ruled out influenza A (H5N1); virus as the cause and found laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza C virus and human Coronavirus OC 43 for the first time in both Cote d'Ivoire and in a Sub-Saharan African country. However we were not able to show that these viruses caused the outbreak. Monitoring of influenza viruses must be a priority but other respiratory viruses and non-viral causes may be of interest too

Influenza Vaccination and Associated Factors among Korean Cancer Survivors : A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Fourth & Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

Influenza vaccination is important for cancer survivors, a population with impaired immunity. This study was designed to assess influenza vaccination patterns among Korean cancer survivors. In this cross-sectional analysis, data were obtained from standardized questionnaires from 943 cancer survivors and 41,233 non-cancer survivors who participated in the Fourth and Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2007-2011). We identified the adjusted influenza vaccination rates and assessed factors associated with influenza vaccination using multivariate logistic regression. Cancer survivors tended to have a higher adjusted influenza vaccination rate than the general population. The rates for influenza vaccination in specific cancer types such as stomach, hepatic, colon, and lung cancers were significantly higher than non-cancer survivors. Among all cancer survivors, those with chronic diseases, elderly subjects, and rural dwellers were more likely to receive influenza vaccination; those with cervical cancer were less likely to receive influenza vaccination. Cancer survivors were more likely to receive influenza vaccinations than non-cancer survivors, but this was not true for particular groups, especially younger cancer survivors. Cancer survivors represent a sharply growing population; therefore, immunization against influenza among cancer survivors should be concerned as their significant preventative healthcare services.

Ecological study on mortality from influenza and pneumonia before and after influenza vaccination in the Northeast and South of Brazil / Estudo ecológico sobre a mortalidade por pneumonia e influenza antes e após a vacinação contra influenza no nordeste e sul do Brasil / Estudio ecológico sobre la mortalidad por neumonía e influenza antes y después de la vacunación antigripal en el noreste y el sur de Brasil

The study compared mortality from influenza and pneumonia in elderly people (65 years or older) before and since implementation of influenza vaccination in the South and Northeast regions of Brazil. Official population and mortality data were retrieved from government agencies to estimate weekly mortality rates. The Serfling model was used to identify influenza outbreaks and estimate the mortality attributable to them. In the South, the vaccination period showed a major reduction in mortality from influenza and pneumonia and in the number and duration of influenza outbreaks. These results were interpreted as consistent with the hypothesis of the vaccination program's effectiveness. In the Northeast, there was an increase in mortality from influenza and pneumonia during vaccination, which was associated with a quality improvement in recording causes of death in the elderly. An increase was also seen in mortality attributable to influenza outbreaks, suggesting a mismatch between the period in which vaccination is conducted and the relevant climatic characteristics for influenza transmission.

Comparou-se a mortalidade por gripe e pneumonia de idosos (65 anos ou mais) antes e depois do início da vacinação nas regiões Nordeste e Sul do Brasil. Dados oficiais de população e de mortalidade foram recuperados junto às agências governamentais para a estimação de coeficientes semanais de mortalidade. Para a identificação de surtos de gripe e a estimação da mortalidade atribuível a esses surtos, foi utilizado o modelo de Serfling. Na Região Sul, o período com vacinação teve expressiva redução da mortalidade por gripe e pneumonia, e da frequência e duração dos surtos de gripe. Esses resultados foram interpretados como sendo compatíveis com a hipótese de efetividade do programa de vacinação. Na Região Nordeste, houve aumento da mortalidade por gripe e pneumonia durante a vacinação, o que foi associado à melhoria da qualidade do registro das causas de óbito entre idosos. Foi também constatado aumento da mortalidade atribuível aos surtos de gripe, sugerindo inadequação entre o período em que ocorre a vacinação e características climáticas de interesse para a transmissão da gripe.

Se comparó la mortalidad por influenza y neumonía en adultos mayores (65 años o más) antes y después del inicio de la vacunación en el Noreste y Sur de Brasil. Datos oficiales sobre población y muertes fueron recuperados de agencias gubernamentales para estimar las tasas de mortalidad semanales. Se utilizó el modelo Serfling para identificar brotes de gripe y evaluar la mortalidad atribuible a esos brotes. En el Sur, hubo una reducción significativa de la mortalidad por influenza y neumonía y en la frecuencia y duración de los brotes de influenza en el periodo de vacunación, lo que sugiere la eficacia de la eficacia del programa de vacunación. En el Nordeste, el aumento de la mortalidad por influenza y neumonía durante la vacunación se explica por la mejora en la calidad del registro de causas de muerte entre las personas mayores. La mortalidad atribuible a los brotes de influenza también se incrementó durante la vacunación, lo que sugiere una falta de coincidencia entre el período de vacunación y características climáticas de interés para la transmisión de la gripe.